Přeskočit na obsah

Wikipedista:JiriZamecnik/Pískoviště

Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie
Charkov / Charkiv
Харьков / Харків
Charkov / Charkiv – znak
znak
Charkov / Charkiv – vlajka
vlajka
Poloha
Souřadnice50° s. š., 36°15′ v. d.
Nadmořská výška152 m n. m.
StátUkrajina
OblastCharkovská oblast
Administrativní dělení9 rajónů
Charkov
Charkov
Rozloha a obyvatelstvo
Rozloha306,0 km²
Počet obyvatel1 430 885 (2015)
Hustota zalidnění4871,0 obyv./km²
Etnické složeníUkrajinci (cca 70 %), Rusové
Náboženské složeníPravoslavné křesťanství
Správa
StarostaGenadij Kernes
Oficiální webwww.city.kharkov.ua
Telefonní předvolba+380 572
PSČ61001

Charkov (ukrajinsky Харків / Charkiv; rusky Харьков) je druhé největší město Ukrajiny (žije zde zhruba 1 500 000 obyvatel). Leží v severovýchodní části země poblíž hranic s Ruskem; je centrem Charkovské oblasti, historického kraje MSlobodská Ukrajina a celého širšího regionu východní Ukrajiny.

Město bylo založeno roku 1654 a po skromných začátcích jako malá pevnost vyrostlo v jedno z hlavních center ukrajinské kultury v Ruském impériu. Charkov byl prvních ukrajinským městem okupovaným sovětským jednotkami v prosinci 1917 a až do ledna 1935, kdy došlo k přesunutí správy do Kyjeva, fungoval jako hlavní město Ukrajinské sovětské socialistické republiky. Charkov je v současnosti administrativním centrem Charkovské oblasti a Charkovského rajonu.

Město představuje taky významné centrum kultury, vědy, vzdělání, dopravy a průmyslu, sídlí v něm 60 vědeckých institucí, 30 institucí vyššího vzdělání, 6 muzeí, 7 divadel a 80 knihoven. Průmysl je specializovaný především na strojírenství a elektroniku. Průmyslové společnosti ve městě zahrnují globálně významné firmy jako Morozovovu kancelář designu či Malyševovu továrnu na tanky (největší producent tanku od 30. do 80.let 20.století), Chartron (letecká a jaderná elektronika) a výrobce turbín Turboatom.

Kharkiv (Šablona:Lang-uk, Šablona:IPA-uk),[1] or Kharkov (Šablona:Lang-rus),[1] is the second-largest city of Ukraine.[2] Located in the north-east of the country, it is the largest city of the Slobozhanshchyna historical region. The city has a population of about 1.5 million people.[3]

The city was founded in 1654 and after a humble beginning as a small fortress grew out to a major centre of Ukrainian culture within the Russian Empire. Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine occupied by Soviet troops in December 1917. It functioned as the first capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic until January 1935, after which the capital relocated to Kiev. Kharkiv is the administrative centre of Kharkiv Oblast and of the surrounding Kharkiv district.

Kharkiv operates as a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 60 scientific institutes, 30 establishments of higher education, 6 museums, 7 theatres and 80 libraries. Its industry specialises primarily in machinery and in electronics. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the city, including globally important giants like the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory (leaders in world tank production from the 1930s to the 1980s); Khartron (aerospace and nuclear electronics); and the Turboatom turbines producer.

Geography

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Kharkiv and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18

Kharkiv is located in the north-eastern region of Ukraine. Historically, Kharkiv lies in the Sloboda Ukraine region (Slobozhanshchyna also known as Slobidshchyna), in which it is considered the main city. The city rests at the confluence of the Kharkiv, Lopan, and Udy rivers, where they flow into the Seversky Donets watershed.

Climate

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Kharkiv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with cold and snowy winters, and hot summers. The seasonal average temperatures are not too cold in winter, not too hot in summer: −4,6 °C (23,7 °F) in January, and +21,3 °C (70,3 °F) in July. The average rainfall totals 513 mm (20 in) per year, with the most in June and July. Šablona:Weather box

History

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Šablona:See also

19th-century view of Kharkiv, with the Assumption Cathedral belltower dominating the skyline.
Sumska Street is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv

Archeological evidence discovered in the area of present-day Kharkiv indicates that a local population has existed in that area since the second millennium BC. Cultural artifacts date back to the Bronze Age, as well as those of later Scythian and Sarmatian settlers. There is also evidence that the Chernyakhov culture flourished in the area from the second to the sixth centuries.

Establishment

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

The city was founded by re-settlers who were running away from the war that engulfed Right-bank Ukraine in 1654 (see Khmelnytsky Uprising).[4] The years before the region was a sparsely populated part of the Cossack Hetmanate.[5] The group of people came onto the banks of Lopan and Kharkiv rivers where stood an abandoned settlement.[6] Some sources indicate that the city may have been named after the Hunnic name for 'swan': kharka.[7]Šablona:Better source Other sources offer that the city was named after its near-legendary founder, Kharko (a diminutive form of the name Kharyton, Šablona:Lang-uk).[4] According to archive documents, the leader of the re-settlers was otaman Ivan Kryvoshlyk.[4]

At first the settlement was self-governed under the jurisdiction of a voivode from Chuhuiv that is located 40 kilometre (25 mi) to the east.[6] The first appointed voivode from Moscow was Voyin Selifontov in 1656 who started to build a local ostrog (fort).[6] At that time the population of Kharkiv was just over 1000, half of which were local cossacks, while Selifontov brought along a Moscow garrison of another 70 servicemen.[6] The first Kharkiv voivode was replaced in two years after constantly complaining that locals refused to cooperate in building the fort.[6] Kharkiv also became the centre of the local Sloboda cossack regiment as the area surrounding the Belgorod fortress was being heavily militarized. With the resettlement of the area by Ukrainians it came to be known as Sloboda Ukraine, most of which was included under the jurisdiction of the Razryad Prikaz (Military Appointment) headed by a district official from Belgorod. By 1657 the Kharkiv settlement already had a fortress[6] with underground passageways.

In 1658 Ivan Ofrosimov was appointed as the new voivode, who worked on forcing locals to kiss the cross to show loyalty to the Moscow Tsar.[6] The locals led by their otaman Ivan Kryvoshlyk refused it.[6] However, with the election of the new otaman Tymish Lavrynov the community (hromada) sent a request to the Tsar to establish a local Assumption market, signed by deans of Kharkiv churches (the Assumption Cathedral and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity).[6] Relationships with the neighboring Chuhuiv sometimes were non-friendly and often their arguments were pacified by force.[6] With the appointment of the third voivode Vasiliy Sukhotin was completely finished the construction of the city fort.[6]

Meanwhile, Kharkiv had become the centre of Sloboda Ukraine.[8]

Kharkiv Fortress

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
View of Assumption Cathedral at night
Kharkiv, Lopan (left) and Kharkiv (right) Rivers
Pokrovsky Cathedral with bell tower and Ozeryanskaya church (right)

The Kharkiv Fortress was erected around the Assumption Cathedral and its castle was located at University Hill.[6] It was situated between today's streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent.[6] The fortress had 10 towers: Chuhuivska Tower, Moskovska Tower, Vestovska Tower, Tainytska Tower, Lopanska Corner Tower, Kharkivska Corner Tower and others.[6] The tallest tower was Vestovska some 16 metre (52 ft) tall,[6] while the shortest one was Tainytska which, however, had a secret well 35 metre (115 ft) deep.[6] The fortress had the Lopanski Gates.[6] In 1689 the fortress was expanded and included the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral and Monastery which was baptized[6] and became the center of local eparchy. Coincidentally in the same year in the vicinity of Kharkiv in Kolomak, Ivan Mazepa was announced the Hetman of Ukraine.[6] Next to the Saint-Pokrov Cathedral was located the Kharkiv Collegiate that was transferred from Belgorod to Kharkiv in 1726.[6]

Within the Russian Empire

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Kiev Governorate. Kharkiv is specifically mentioned as one of the towns making a part of the governorate.[9] In 1727, Belgorod Governorate was split off, and Kharkiv moved to Belgoro Governorate. It was the center of a separate administrative unit, Kharkiv Sloboda Cossack regiment. The regiment at some point was detached from Belgorod Governorate, then attached to it again, until in 1765, Sloboda Ukraine Governorate was established with the seat in Kharkiv.[10]

Kharkiv University was established in 1805 in the Palace of Governorate-General.[6] Alexander Mikolajewicz Mickiewicz, brother of Adam Mickiewicz was a professor of law in the university, another celebrity Goethe searched for instructorial staff for the school.[6] In 1906 Ivan Franko received here a doctorate in Russian linguistics.[6][11]

The streets were first cobbled in the city centre in 1830.[12] In 1844 the 90 metre (300 ft) tall Alexander Bell Tower was built next to the first Assumption Cathedral, which on November 16, 1924 was transformed into a radio tower.[6] A system of running water was established in 1870. The Cathedral Descent at one time carried the name of another local trader Vasyl Ivanovych Pashchenko-Tryapkin as Pashchenko Descent.[6] Pashchenko even leased a space to the city council (duma) and was the owner of the city "Old Passage", the city's biggest trade center.[6] After his death in 1894 Pashchenko donated all his possessions to the city.[6] In 1912 the first sewer system was built. Gas lighting was installed in 1890 and electric lighting in 1898. In 1869 the first railway station was constructed, and the first tram lines in 1906.

From 1800 to 1917 the population increased by 30 fold.

Kharkiv became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture. In 1812 the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. One of the first Prosvitas in Eastern Ukraine was also established in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by the lawyer Mykola Mikhnovsky in 1900.

Soon after the Crimean War, in 1860-61 number of hromada societies sprung up across the Ukrainian cities including Kharkiv.[13] Among the most prominent hromada members in Kharkiv was Oleksandr Potebnia, a native of Sloboda Ukraine.[13] Beside the old hromada, in Kharkiv also existed several student hromadas members of which were future political leaders of Ukraine such as Borys Martos, Dmytro Antonovych and many others.[13] One of the University of Kharkiv graduates Oleksandr Kovalenko was one of initiators of the mutiny on Russian battleship Potemkin being the only officer who supported the in-rank sailors.

Soviet period

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Memorial to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the NKVD in 1937–38

When the Tsentralna Rada announced the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic in November 1917 it envisioned the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate to be part of it.[4] In December 1917 Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine occupied the by Soviet troops of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko.[14] The Bolsheviks in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13 December 1917.[14][15] By February 1918 Bolshevik forces had captured much of Ukraine.[16] In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.[17] In April 1918 the German army occupied Kharkiv.[18] And according to the February 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers it became part of the Ukrainian People's Republic.[19] Early January 1919 Bolshevik forces captured Kharkiv.[8] Mid-June 1919 Anton Denikin's White movement Volunteer Army captured the city.[20] In December 1919 the Bolshevik Red Army recaptured Kharkiv.[21]

Prior to the formation of the Soviet Union, Bolsheviks established Kharkiv as the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition to the Ukrainian People's Republic with its capital of Kiev.[22]

Monument to the persecuted kobzars in Kharkiv

According to linguist George Shevelov, in the early 1920s the share of secondary schools teaching in the Ukrainian language was lower than the share of the Kharkiv Oblasts ethnic Ukrainian population,[23] even though the Soviet Union had ordered that all schools in the Ukrainian SSR should be Ukrainian speaking (as part of its Ukrainization policy).[24]

As the country's capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration. Derzhprom was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in the Soviet Union at the time with a height of 63 metre (207 ft).[25] In the 1920s, a 150 metre (490 ft) wooden radio tower was built on top of the building. During the interwar period the city saw the spread of architectural constructivism.[6] One of the best representatives of it was the already mentioned Derzhprom, the Building of the Red Army, the Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council building, with its massive asymmetric tower, the central department store that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the October Revolution.[6] The same year on November 7, 1932 the building of Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.[6][26][27]

In 1928, the SVU (Union for the Freedom of Ukraine) process was initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia) building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.

In the early 1930s, the Holodomor famine drove many people off the land into the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the city.

Memorial to the thousands of Polish officers executed by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the Katyn massacre

In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938. Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered by the NKVD.[28] In January 1935 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.

During April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish prisoners of Starobelsk camp were executed in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Pyatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre) on the outskirts of Kharkiv.[29] The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in the 1937–38 Stalinist purges.

German occupation

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Memorial to 23 August 1943, the end of German occupation during World War II

During World War II, Kharkiv was the site of several military engagements (see below). The city was captured and recaptured by Nazi Germany on 24 October 1941;[30][31] there was a disastrous Red Army offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;[32][33] the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February 1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. Kharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years preceding World War II, Kiev was by population the smaller of the two.

The significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv's Jewish community prided itself with the second largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named Drobitsky Yar.

During World War II, four battles took place for control of the city:

Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries were evacuated to the Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army's tank programs (particularly, producing the T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce tanks.

Of the population of 700,000 that Kharkiv had before the start of World War II 120,000 became Ost-Arbeiter (slave worker) in Germany, 30,000 were executed and 80,000 starved to death during the war.[8]

Post War

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Mirror Stream fountain

In the post-war period many of the destroyed homes and factories were rebuilt. From the constructivism the city was planned to be rebuilt in the style of Stalinist Classicism.[6]

Gas lines were installed for heating in government and later private homes. An airport was built in 1954. Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre in the former USSR (after Moscow and Leningrad).

In independent Ukraine

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

In 2007, the Vietnamese minority in Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with a monument to Ho Chi Minh.[34]

By its territorial expansion on September 6, 2012 the city increased its area from about 310 to 350 square kilometre (120 to 140 sq mi).[35]

There is an underground rapid-transit system (metro) with about 38,1 km (24 mi) of track and 29 stations. A well-known landmark of Kharkiv is the Freedom Square (Ploshcha Svobody formerly known as Dzerzhinsky Square), which is the sixth largest city square in Europe, and the 12th largest square in the world.

Kharkiv was a host city for the UEFA Euro 2012, and hosted three group matches in Metalist Stadium.

2014-2015 pro-Russian unrest in Kharkiv

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Podrobnější informace naleznete na stránce 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine#Kharkiv Oblast.

The 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine affected Kharkiv but to a lesser extent than in neighbouring Donbass, where tensions would lead to the War in Donbass.[36] On 2 March 2014, a Russian "tourist" from Moscow replaced the Ukrainian flag with a Russian flag on the Kharkiv regional state administration building.[37] Five days later, pro-Russian protestors occupied the building and unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the "Kharkov People's Republic".[38][39] The next day, the building was retaken by Ukrainian special forces.[40] Doubts arose about the local origin of the protestors after they initially stormed an opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall.[41] On 13 April, some pro-Russian protesters again made it inside the Kharkiv regional state administration building.[42] Later on 13 April the building returned permanently to full Ukrainian control.[38][39][40][42][43][44][45][46] Violent clashes resulted in the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian protesters.[42][45]

Kharkiv returned to relative calm by 30 April.[47] Relatively peaceful demonstrations continued to be held, with "pro-Russian" rallies gradually diminishing and "pro-Ukrainian unity" demonstrations growing in numbers.[48][49][50] On 28 September, activists dismantled Ukraine's largest monument to Lenin at a pro-Ukrainian rally in the central square.[51] Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv for joining Russia.<span class="abbr" style="color: green; border-bottom: 1px dotted blue" title="Neznámá věta RNavalny140923">RNavalny140923<span class="abbr" style="color: green; border-bottom: 1px dotted blue" title="Neznámá věta RDT150103">RDT150103

From early November until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and a National Guard base.[52] According to SBU investigator Vasyliy Vovk, Russian covert forces were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.[53]

On 8 January 2015 five men wearing balaclavas broke into an office of (the volunteer group aiding refugees from Donbass) Station Kharkiv.[54] Simultaneously with physical threats the men demanded to hear the political position of Station Kharkiv.[54] After being given an answer the men apologized and left.[54]

On Sunday 22 February 2015, there was a terrorist bomb attack on a march to commemorate people who died in the Euromaidan protests in 2014. The bomb killed two, and wounded nine. The authorities have launched an anti-terrorist operation.[55] The terrorists claim that it was a false flag attack.[56] Kharkiv experienced more non-lethal small bombings since 22 February 2015 targeting army fuel tanks, an unoccupied passenger train and a Ukrainian flag in the city centre.[57]

On 23 September 2015, 200 people in balaclavas and camouflage picketed the house of former governor Mykhailo Dobkin, and then went to Kharkiv town hall, where they tried to force their way through the police cordon. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The rioters asked the mayor, Hennadiy Kernes, to come out.[58][59] Russia Today blamed the Azov battalion.[60]

Government and administrative divisions

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

While Kharkiv is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv Oblast (province), the city affairs are managed by the Kharkiv Municipality. Kharkiv is a city of oblast subordinance.

Administrative divisions of Kharkiv

The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts), named for people, places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet Union:

  1. Leninsky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake Vladimir Lenin
  2. Dzerzhynsky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake Felix Dzerzhinsky
  3. Kyivsky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake Kiev
  4. Moskovsky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake Moscow
  5. Frunzensky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake Mikhail Frunze
  6. Ordzhonikidzevsky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake Grigol Ordzhonikidze
  7. Kominternіvsky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake Communist International
  8. Chervonozavodsky (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake "red factory"
  9. Zhovtnevy (Šablona:Lang-uk); namesake October Revolution

Demographics

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Šablona:Historical populations

According to the 1989 Soviet Union Census, the population of the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including 1,494,200 permanent city residents.[61] Kharkiv is the second-largest city in Ukraine after the capital, Kiev.[62]

The nationality structure of Kharkiv as of the 1989 census is: Ukrainians 50.38%, Russians 43.63%, Jews 3%, Belarusians 0.75%, and all others (more than 25 minorities) 2.24%.[61] According to the Soviet census of 1959 there were Ukrainians (48.4%), Russians (40.4%), Jews (8.7%) and other nationalities (2.5%).[63]

Notes

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

  • 1660 year – approximated estimation
  • 1788 year – without the account of children
  • 1920 year – times of the Russian Civil War
  • 1941 year – estimation on May 1, right before World War II
  • 1941 year – next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000
  • 1941 year – another estimation in December during the occupation without the account of children
  • 1943 year – August 23, liberation of the city; estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000
  • 1976 year – estimation on June 1
  • 1982 year – estimation in March

Economy

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

During the Soviet era Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and the third largest centre of industry and commerce in the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s the industry started to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000 employees. The enterprises form machine-building, electro-technology, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.

State-owned industrial giants, such as Turboatom[64] and Elektrotyazhmash[65] occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g., turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant. The Malyshev factory produces not only armoured fighting vehicles, but also harvesters. Khartron[66] is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the former CIS.

Kharkiv is also the headquarters of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, UkrSibbank, which has been part of the BNP Paribas group since December 2005.

Kharkiv markets:

Science and education

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Main building of University of Kharkiv

Kharkiv is one of the most prolific centres of higher education and research of Eastern Europe. The city has 13 national universities and numerous professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering its students a wide range of disciplines. Kharkiv National University (12,000 students), National Technical University "KhPI" (20,000 students), Kharkiv National University of Radioelectronics (12,000 students), Kharkiv National Aerospace University "KhAI" are the leading universities in Ukraine. A total number of 150,000 students attend the universities and other institutions of higher education in Kharkiv. About 9,000 foreign students from 96 countries study in the city. More than 17,000 faculty and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in Kharkiv.

The city has a high concentration of research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the universities. Among them are three national science centres: Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology,[67] Institute of Metrology,[68] Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, such as the B Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering,[69] Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals",[70] Usikov Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE),[71] Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA),[72] and others. A total number of 26,000 scientists are working in research and development. A number of world-renowned scientific schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the theoretical physics school and the mathematical school.

In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library[73] is a major research library. Kharkiv has 212 (secondary education) schools, including 10 lyceums and 20 gymnasiums.

Culture

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
The Annunciation Cathedral is one of the tallest Orthodox churches in the world.

Kharkiv is one of the main cultural centres in Ukraine. It is home of 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of picture galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every year.

Literature

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

In the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to as a Literary Klondike.Šablona:Citation needed It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: Les Kurbas, Mykola Kulish, Mykola Khvylovy, Mykola Zerov, Valerian Pidmohylny, Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers were repressed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event in Ukrainian history is called the "Executed Renaissance" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia). Today a literary museum located on Frunze Street marks their work and achievements.

Today, Kharkiv is often referred to as the "capital city" of Ukrainian Science fiction and Fantasy.[74][75] It is the home to a number of popular writers, such as H. L. Oldie, Alexander Zorich, Andrey Dashkov, Yuri Nikitin and Andrey Valentinov; most of them write in Russian and are popular in both Russia and Ukraine. Annual science fiction convention "Star Bridge" (Звёздный мост) is held in Kharkiv since 1999.[76]

Music

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Kharkiv sponsors the prestigious Hnat Khotkevych International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments which takes place every three years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture two days before its opening.[77] The Kharkiv Conservatory is in the city.

Landmarks

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
National holiday's fireworks on Freedom Square

Of the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: Derzhprom building, Memorial Complex, Freedom Square, Taras Shevchenko Monument, Mirror Stream, Dormition Cathedral, Historical Museum, Choral Synagogue, Annunciation Cathedral, T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children's narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V and many more.

After the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea the monument to Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny in Sevastopol was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.[78]

Sports

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Kharkiv EURO 2012 host city emblem

Kharkiv is Ukraine's second-largest city, and as in the whole country sports are taken seriously. The most popular sport is football. The city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions. The most successful is FC Dynamo Kharkiv that won eight national titles back in 1920s-1930s.

There is also a female football club WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv, which represented Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender for the national title.

Metalist Stadium hosted three group matches at UEFA Euro 2012.

Kharkiv also has an Ice Hockey club, HC Vityaz Kharkiv who compete in the Ukrainian Vyscha Liga.

Avangard Budy is a bandy club from Kharkiv, which won the Ukrainian championship in 2013.

There is a men volleyball team Lokomotiv Kharkiv which performs in Ukraine and in the European competitions.

RC Olimp' is the city's rugby union club. They provide many players for the national team.

Igor Rybak, an Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter, was from Kharkiv.[79]

International relations

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Šablona:See also

Twin towns – sister cities

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Kharkiv is twinned with:[80]

Šablona:Div col

Šablona:Div col end

Notable people

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Šablona:List missing criteria

Nobel and Fields prize winners

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Transport

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
Kharkiv Railway Station Main Entrance, August 2011
Historical building of Kharkiv Airport

The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centres in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis, railways, and air traffic. There are about 250 thousand cars in the city.[99]

Local transport

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Being an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. Kharkiv's Metro is the city's rapid transit system operating since 1975. It includes three different lines with 29 stations in total.[100] The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers annually. Trolleybuses, tramways (which celebrated its 100 years of service in 2006), and marshrutkas (private minibuses) are also important means of transportation in the city.

Railways

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869, traffic was opened on the Kursk–Kharkiv–Azov line. Kharkiv's passenger railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed in the Second World War. A new railway station was built in 1952.

Kharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as elektrichkas connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.

Air travel

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Kharkiv is served by an international airport which used to have about 200 flights a day, almost all of them being passenger flights. The Kharkiv International Airport has been granted international status. The airport is not large and is situated within the city boundaries, south from the city centre. Flights to Kiev and Moscow are scheduled daily. There are regular flights to Vienna and Istanbul, and several other destinations. Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv Airport — Aeromost-Kharkiv — is not serving any regular destinations as of 2007. The Kharkiv North Airport is a factory airfield and was a major production facility for Antonov aircraft company.

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Footnotes

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

Šablona:Notelist

References

[editovat | editovat zdroj]
  1. ↑ a b Kharkiv on Encyclopædia Britannica - current edition [online]. Britannica.com [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné online. 
  2. ↑ Kharkiv "never had eastern-western conflicts", Euronews (23 October 2014)
  3. ↑ Chybná citace: Chyba v tagu <ref>; citaci označené population total Kharkiv není určen žádný text
  4. ↑ a b c d Chybná citace: Chyba v tagu <ref>; citaci označené KUW231114 není určen žádný text
  5. ↑ Roman Solchanyk. Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition. [s.l.]: Rowman & Littlefield, January 2001. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-0-7425-1018-0. S. 6. 
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Šablona:Uk icon Живий Харків. Нічна екскурсія містом-господарем (Living Kharkiv. Nightly excursion through the host-city) Ukrayinska Pravda. June 9, 2012
  7. ↑ Etymology of the name Kharkiv [online]. 1 April 2010 [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. 
  8. ↑ a b c Ukraine: A History 4th Edition by Orest Subtelny, University of Toronto Press, 2009, ISBN 1442609915
  9. ↑ [cit. 2015-03-31]. Dostupné online. (rusky) 
  10. ↑ Archive service of Voronezh Oblast [cit. 2012-06-10]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2013-05-25. (Russian) 
  11. ↑ Istpravda.com.ua, 23 August 2011 [cit. 2012-07-21]. Dostupné online. (ukrajinsky) 
  12. ↑ Istpravda.com.ua, 24 January 2011 [cit. 2012-07-21]. Dostupné online. (ukrajinsky) 
  13. ↑ a b c Hromadas [online]. Encyclopedia of Ukraine [cit. 2016-01-14]. Dostupné online. 
  14. ↑ a b Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe) by Ivan Katchanovski, Scarecrow Press (Publication date: July 11, 2013), ISBN 0810878453 (page 713)
  15. ↑ Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1099-6 (page 7)
  16. ↑ World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 1195. ISBN 978-1-85109-879-8
  17. ↑ Ukraine: The Phony War?, The New York Review of Books (27 April 2014)
  18. ↑ Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-61039-140-3.
  19. ↑ Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98), Ibidem Verlag, 2010, ISBN 383820042X (page 24)
  20. ↑ The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7, page 97
  21. ↑ The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War. Scarecrow Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-6841-0 (page 101)
  22. ↑ Донбас і Україна (з історії революційної боротьби 1917–18 рр.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations of Mykola Skrypnyk)) [online]. Istpravda.com.ua [cit. 2012-07-21]. Dostupné online. 
  23. ↑ Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in Donbas from a historical perspective , Södertörn University (May 19, 2014)
  24. ↑ Language Policy in the Soviet Union by Lenore Grenoble, Springer Science+Business Media, 2003, ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3 (page 84)
  25. ↑ Derzhprom statistcs [online]. Kharkov.ua [cit. 2012-07-21]. Dostupné online. 
  26. ↑ Picture of the building in the Vsesvit magazine [online]. Istpravda.com.ua, 2012-04-30 [cit. 2012-07-21]. Dostupné online. 
  27. ↑ Photos of the newspaper "Proletarian" for 1932-33 [online]. Istpravda.com.ua [cit. 2012-07-21]. Dostupné online. 
  28. ↑ Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing by Natalie Kononenko, M.E. Sharp, ISBN 0-7656-0144-3/ISBN 978-0-7656-0144-5, page 116
  29. ↑ Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005
  30. ↑ Харків часів "дорослого дитинства" Людмили Гурченко (Kharkiv at times of "matured childhood" of Lyudmila Gurchenko) [online]. Istpravda.com.ua [cit. 2012-07-21]. Dostupné online. 
  31. ↑ Kharkiv through the eyes of Lyudmila Gurchenko [online]. Andersval.nl, 2011-03-31 [cit. 2012-07-15]. Dostupné online. 
  32. ↑ The Red Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924 guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military disaster through Soviet eyes, pub Ian Allan, 1998, ISBN 0-7110-2562-2 page 218.
  33. ↑ per Robert M. Citino, author of "Death of the Wehrmacht", and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14 May 1942 by Soviet forces under Marshal Timoshenko before being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, p. 100
  34. ↑ In↑ «Сегодня»,21 December 2007.
  35. ↑ Про зміну і встановлення меж міста Харків, Дергачівського і Харківського районів Харківської області [online]. Search.ligazakon.ua, 2012-09-18 [cit. 2013-03-12]. Dostupné online. 
  36. ↑ Ukraine crisis: Timeline [online]. 13 November 2014 [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. 
  37. ↑ ROTH, Andrew. From Russia, 'Tourists' Stir the Protests. The New York Times. 4 March 2014. Dostupné online. 
    Russian site recruits 'volunteers' for Ukraine. BBC News. 4 March 2014. Dostupné online. 
  38. ↑ a b Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of 'Kharkiv people's republic' [online]. 7 April 2014 [cit. 2014-04-13]. Dostupné online. 
  39. ↑ a b Pro-Russian Protesters Declare 'People's Republic' In Kharkiv [online]. 7 April 2014 [cit. 2014-04-13]. Dostupné online. 
  40. ↑ a b Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings in Luhansk, Donetsk. Kyiv Post. 8 April 2014. Dostupné online [cit. 13 April 2014]. 
  41. ↑ Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall. The Moscow Times. 8 April 2014. Dostupné online. 
  42. ↑ a b c Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters. Kyiv Post. 13 April 2014. Dostupné online [cit. 13 April 2014]. 
  43. ↑ Кернес пообіцяв допомогти звільнити затриманих сепаратистів | Українська правда [online]. Pravda.com.ua [cit. 2014-04-28]. Dostupné online. 
  44. ↑ Kharkiv torn between Europe and Russia, Deutsche Welle (6 March 2014)
  45. ↑ a b После нападения антимайдановцев на митинг Евромайдана в Харькове пострадало 50 человек : Новости УНИАН [online]. Unian.net, 14 April 2014 [cit. 2014-04-28]. Dostupné online. 
  46. ↑ Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine [online]. 14 April 2014 [cit. 2014-04-16]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2014-04-16. 
  47. ↑ Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 29 April 2014, tisková zpráva, [cit. 1 May 2014], Dostupné on-line.
  48. ↑ Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received until 23 June 2014, tisková zpráva, [cit. 22 August 2014], Dostupné on-line.
  49. ↑ Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July, tisková zpráva, [cit. 25 July 2014], Dostupné on-line.
  50. ↑ Šablona:Uk icon Two liberty square rally, Status quo (17 August 2014)
  51. ↑ Ukrainian Crowds Topple Lenin Statue (Again). Retrieved 2014-09-29.
  52. ↑ Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace, Los Angeles Times (11 December 2014)
    Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub, Agence France-Presse (10 December 2014)
  53. ↑ SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to control, Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (10 December 2014)
  54. ↑ a b c ukrinform.ua, 9 January 2015 [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. (ukrajinsky)  24tv.ua, 25 October 2014 [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. (rusky) 
  55. ↑ UNIAN Anti-terrorist operation launched in Kharkiv due to fatal blast on Sunday – Turchynov, 22 February 2015.
    En.Censor.Net, Anti-terrorist operation started in Kharkiv: four participants on the explosion detained, 22 February 2015.
    Novorossia.Today, Turchinov announced start of the ATO in Kharkov. The highest level of terrorist threat had been introduced in the city, 23 February 2015.
  56. ↑ Lada Ray. Urgent Statement of the Kharkov Partizans re. False Flag Terrorist Act [online]. 23 February 2015 [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. 
  57. ↑ Bomb Attacks Increase In Ukraine's Second-Largest City, Kharkiv, NPR (6 April 2015)
    Kharkiv explosion targeting Ukrainian flag classified as ‘terrorist act', Ukraine Today (7 April 2015)
    Explosion In Ukraine's Kharkiv Targets National Flag Memorial, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (7 April 2015)
  58. ↑ Unian, Over 200 men in balaclavas brawl at Kharkiv town hall, clash with police, 23 September 2015, 14:10.
  59. ↑ Korrespondent, Появилось видео столкновений у горсовета Харькова [Video of riot at Kharkov City Council], 23 September 2015 17:40
  60. ↑ Masked protesters lay siege to Kharkiv City Hall in Ukraine, Euronews (23 September 2015)
    Around 200 masked men storm Kharkov city hall in Eastern Ukraine. Russia Today. 23 September 2015. Dostupné online [cit. 23 September 2015]. 
  61. ↑ a b Kharkiv today [online]. [cit. 2007-05-04]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2006-08-22. (Russian) 
  62. ↑ Results / General results of the census / Number of cities [online]. [cit. 2006-08-28]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2006-01-09. 
  63. ↑ Історія міста Харкова ХХ століття, Харків 2004, р. 456
  64. ↑ turboatom.com.ua [online]. turboatom.com.ua, 2012-04-13 [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné online. 
  65. ↑ spetm.com.ua [online]. spetm.com.ua [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-09-28. 
  66. ↑ Hartron: Forms of cooperation [online]. hartron.com.ua [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. 
  67. ↑ Official website of Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology [online]. Kipt.kharkov.ua [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné online. 
  68. ↑ Official website of Kharkiv Institute of Metrology [online]. Metrology.kharkov.ua [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné online. 
  69. ↑ Official website of Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering [online]. Ilt.kharkov.ua [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné online. 
  70. ↑ State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine [online]. Dostupné online. 
  71. ↑ Official website of O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of NAS of Ukraine (IRE) [online]. Dostupné online. 
  72. ↑ Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (IRA NASU) [online]. Dostupné online. 
  73. ↑ official website of Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library [online]. Korolenko.kharkov.com [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné online. 
  74. ↑ Kharkiv city guide [online]. 25 January 2010 [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. 
  75. ↑ Ukraine Travel Guide: Kharkiv, Ukraine [online]. [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. 
  76. ↑ Kharkiv International Festival of Science Fiction "Star Bridge - 2011" [online]. September 2011 [cit. 2015-03-22]. Dostupné online. 
  77. ↑ Минкультуры запретил Харькову проводить конкурс им. Гната Хоткевича - Комментарии [online]. Proua.com, 2010-04-16 [cit. 2012-07-15]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2013-12-28. 
  78. ↑ Šablona:Ru icon A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov, Status quo (23 August 2014)
  79. ↑ Volodymyr Kubiĭovych, Danylo Husar Struk. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. [s.l.]: University of Toronto Press, 1993. Dostupné online. 
  80. ↑ Sister cities of Kharkiv [online]. [cit. 2007-05-04]. Dostupné online. (Russian) 
  81. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Міста-побратими – Харківська міська рада Šablona:Uk icon
  82. ↑ Brno – Partnerská města [online]. © 2006–2009 City of Brno [cit. 2009-07-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2009-08-25. (Czech) 
  83. ↑ Чорногорське місто Цетіньє стало партнером ХарковаŠablona:Uk icon
  84. ↑ Побратимські зв'язки між містами України та США Šablona:Uk icon
  85. ↑ OKI Sister City Coalition [online]. Dostupné online. 
  86. ↑ Міжрегіональне співробітництво між Україною та Латвією Šablona:Uk icon
  87. ↑ Харків і Газіантеп - міста-побратимиŠablona:Uk icon
  88. ↑ Співробітництво між регіонами України та регіонами Литовської Республіки Šablona:Uk icon
  89. ↑ Kutaisi City - International Relations - Sister Cities [online]. Kutaisi City Local Government, 4 October 2011. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 3 October 2011. 
  90. ↑ Partenariat et amitié existantsеntre villes et régions de France et d‘Ukraine Šablona:Fr icon
  91. ↑ Побратимські стосунки між містами та регіонами Šablona:Uk icon
  92. ↑ Співробітництво міст України та Польщі [online]. Mfa.gov.ua [cit. 2012-07-15]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2012-10-08. 
  93. ↑ Poznań - Miasta partnerskie [online]. City of Poznań [cit. 2013-12-11]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2013-09-23. (Polish) 
  94. ↑ Poznań Official Website – Twin Towns [online]. © 1998–2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania [cit. 2008-11-29]. Dostupné online. (Polish) 
  95. ↑ Международные и межрегиональные связи || Официальный портал Администрации Санкт-Петербурга Šablona:Ru icon
  96. ↑ Побратимські зв'язки між містами України та Республіки Болгарія Šablona:Uk icon
  97. ↑ Асоціація міст України і Національна асоціація общин республіки Болгарія підписали угоду про співпрацю [online]. Kmv.gov.ua [cit. 2012-04-20]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2011-09-28. 
  98. ↑ Харків і Варшава стали містами-побратимами Šablona:Uk icon
  99. ↑ Andrew Rybka. Харьков транспортный. Новости. Останови автомобиль. Сколько стоит минута простоя в ежедневных пробках. Харьковские изобретатели бьются над проблемой разгрузки города [online]. Gortransport.kharkov.ua, 2008-05-31 [cit. 2013-03-12]. Dostupné online. 
  100. ↑ Metro. Basic facts [online]. [cit. 2011-03-01]. Dostupné online. (Ukrainian) 

</ref>

[1] }}

[editovat | editovat zdroj]

{{Portal|Ukraine}} {{Sister project links|Kharkiv}}

{{Kharkiv Oblast}} {{Administrative divisions of Ukraine}} {{Cities in Ukraine}} {{Capitals of Ukraine}} {{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}

{{Authority control}}


  1. ↑ Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. 3 January 2015. Dostupné online. (Ukrainian) 
Citováno z „https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedista:JiriZamecnik/Pískoviště&oldid=23490870“